Aviator Game: Play Live for Real Money or Free in India

Aviator India is among the top games for players from this country with a transparent and trustworthy provably fair mechanism and numerous attractive features inside. Known as an instant game, this one allows gamblers to get quick wins if they have enough luck. Aviator is designed for various gadgets, allowing Android and iOS smartphone and tablet owners to play it from anywhere.

Read this detailed review from our team and start playing Aviator in India now.

Aviator game online for Indian players

Aviator India Review – Primary Points About the Game

Aviator online was launched by Spribe in 2019. The game has quickly gained the hearts and minds of Indian players for offering outstanding graphics, nice background sounds, as well as a lot of features, such as double bet, odds, history, and relatively high RTP to make it even more appealing for gamblers to run the Aviator game.

Information about Aviator game for Indians
Game TypeInstant Game
DeveloperSpribe
Release DateJanuary 2019
VolatilityMedium
RTP97%
Maximum Coefficientx1,000,000
Minimum BetINR 1 in most reliable casinos
Mobile AppYes, for iOS and Android
DemoAvailable

Top Gambling Sites for Aviator Gambling in India

Being among the most popular instant games so far, Aviator Spribe is presented in many top casinos. We have prepared the table below that contains the best gambling sites in India that you can try.

Parimatch

Parimatch

4.9/5

Welcome Bonus

150% on the initial deposit (up to 105,000 INR)

  • Lucrative bonuses;

  • A lot of high-quality online casino games;

  • Optimized mobile app for Android and iOS.

Go to review
Batery

Batery

4.8/5

Welcome Bonus

150% welcome bonus up to 25,000 INR + 200 free spins

  • 15+ game categories;

  • 5 online casino bonus types;

  • 3 tournaments with huge prize pools.

Go to review
Megapari

Megapari

4.8/5

Welcome Bonus

200% up to INR 136,100

  • 20 categories of certified games from top software providers;

  • 6 online casino bonuses, including a special 60 Sunday free bets for Aviator;

  • Safe banking options, such as Paytm, PhonePe, UPI, and others.

Go to review
Pin Up

Pin Up

4.7/5

Welcome Bonus

A prize of 120% up to INR 450,000 + 250 free spins

  • 8 bonuses;

  • Pincoins VIP program with up to 2:1 exchange rate;

  • Great collection of crash games.

Go to review
Rajabets

Rajabets

4.9/5

Welcome Bonus

200% welcome casino bonus up to INR 100,000

  • A special deposit Aviator bonus of up to INR 5,000;

  • 10+ online casino promotions;

  • UPI, PhonePe, Google Pay, and other tools are available for depositing and withdrawing funds.

Go to review
1win

1win

4.9/5

Welcome Bonus

500% reward up to 75,000 INR

  • 15 bonuses and tournaments for players from India;

  • A well-optimized mobile app for Android and iOS;

  • 25 banking options, including Paytm, UPI, PhonePe, and cryptocurrencies to play Aviator for real money.

Go to review
Mostbet

Mostbet

4.7/5

Welcome Bonus

125% casino bonus up to 34,000 INR

  • Additional Telegram bonuses and promotions for installing the app (100 free spins);

  • Live chat, email, and social networks to get in touch;

  • 220+ notable and certified software providers.

Go to review
1xBet

1xbet

4.8/5

Welcome Bonus

200% up to 130,000 INR

  • Trustworthy online casino regulated by the government of Curacao;

  • Live chat, hotline, email, and social media to contact the support service;

  • Aviator is available in the demo mode.

Go to review
BC.Game

BC.Game

4.8/5

Welcome Bonus

1,080% up to 220,000 BCD

  • 9 collections of games;

  • The gambling site accepts 18+ cryptocurrencies;

  • BC.Game supports responsible gambling.

Go to review
4rabet

4rabet

4.7/5

Welcome Bonus

700% crash welcome bonus of up to 40,000 INR

  • The website supports a lot of languages including Hindi;

  • Gamblers can choose from over 7,000 casino games in total;

  • Players from India can reach the support service via live chat, email, and social media

Go to review

How Does One of the Most Popular Games in India Work – Main Rules

The main idea of the game Aviator is to be in time to cash out before a red plane leaves the screen. If you manage to do this, your winnings will be equal to the bet amount multiplied by the coefficient that is fixed at the moment you press the button. The basic rules and algorithms of Aviator are described by our editors in the following lines:

  • The gameplay of the Aviator game comprises two main phases – the first is when you place a bet and the second is when you follow the aircraft route and wait for the moment to cash out;
  • Coefficients are calculated with a special function, known as Provably Fair. In plain words, it is a random mechanism, that forms the round results from the hash code created by mixing seeds that come from players and the server;
  • Players can watch their performance in a special section of the Aviator game interface named Statistics;
  • There is an option allowing players to place two simultaneous bets and close them separately.
Basic rules of Aviator India

What Do Indian Players Need to Gamble?

To start playing the game Aviator, players from India should be 18 years of age or older in order to perform their first bet. Find some other key requirements that Indian gamblers should meet to launch their first round in the Aviator online game below:

  • An account in the casino. Check the best online gambling sites on this page to select the most appropriate one to sign up for;
  • A stable Internet connection. Whether you are playing from your desktop or handheld device, make sure that your Internet connection will not cause troubles;
  • Money on the balance. Once you register in the online casino, make sure you deposit enough Indian rupees to place your first online Aviator game bet.
Recommendations for Indian Aviator players

The Way to Begin Playing the Aviator Game

There are several steps to be completed by gamblers from India to start their first Aviator real money game round. Find a detailed guide on how to place a bet in the list compiled by our team:

  1. Choose a gambling site

    Choose a gambling site that you want to play with.

    Select a site to play Aviator
  2. Register an account

    Register an account there.

    Register your account
  3. Top up your balance

    Top up your balance with Indian rupees.

    Make a deposit in rupees
  4. Find the Aviator game

    Find the Aviator game India in the catalog and launch it in the demo mode.

    Start the Aviator game online
  5. Explore the interface

    Test all the functionality and study controls.

    Explore the Aviator game interface
  6. Select real money mode

    Switch to the real money mode.

    Enable real money mode in the Aviator game
  7. Place your first bet

    Place your first bet and wait for the round to start.

    Place a bet in Aviator
  8. Catch the moment and claim your prize

    Try to catch the moment and cash out from the Aviator game when the coefficient is the best for you.

    Collect your prize

Demo Mode – Play the Plane Game for Free

Whether you are new to the Indian Aviator game or want to spend some time playing it for free without putting your money at risk, the demo mode is the best solution. You will be able to explore the interface and all the functionality. Moreover, players from India can also work on some basic strategies that they want to use during their real money sessions. Some of the benefits of trying the Aviator plane game for free include:

  • No risks of losing money. Gamblers from India can Aviator game play without using real funds;
  • Authentic experience. Even if you don’t use real funds to play the game in the online casino, you can still have the same feelings as during money betting. The interface and controls are the same;
  • No restrictions or limitations in the Aviator game. The demo mode is totally free and it is not limited in time, allowing you to practice your skills for as much time as you want.
Demo mode in Aviator game for Indians

Aviator Handy Interface Familiar to Everyone

We are ready to declare the software provider had both beginners and skilled players in mind when it was designing the interface of Aviator online. Once you launch it for the first time, you will see that everything is in place and comfortably distributed across the page. The betting area where you can set up the amount of your stake, as well as choose between one or two bets, and some other options, lies below the main screen with the aircraft. The left side is devoted to the history of bets, while on the right part, there are several options, including game and Provably Fair settings. The Aviator India game even allows players to watch previous odds above the main screen.

Easy interface in Aviator game for Indian players

Statistics Area

The Aviator game online in India has statistics in real-time displayed on the left side of the playing field. Some of the key parameters that are available for analysis here include:

  • All bets. This tab in Aviator offers general information about the performance of all players during the round. You will see when other users cash out and the coefficients that were caught at that moment. Gamblers can also see the total number of bets in each round, as well as the results of the previous one;
  • My bets. This tab in the Aviator game reflects your own performance allowing you to watch the time, the bet amount, and the sum that you cashed out;
  • Top. Aviator online allows you to watch all the top winnings with the hugest coefficients for the previous day, month, and year.
Statistic field in Aviator India

Upper Bar with Previous Multipliers

The top panel or Round History of the Aviator airplane game provides players with information about previous coefficients. A line with 18 odds is available by default. If you want to extend the statistics, you need to click on a special icon on the right side of the screen. While you can’t be sure about the results of the following rounds in Aviator, odds history may be helpful for various strategies.

Top bar of odds in Aviator game for Indians

Aviator Betting Field

Right below the screen with the plane in the Aviator gambling game, players can find the main panel with buttons and fields to place a bet. Some of the key options here include:

  • The input field and the green button. Here you specify the amount you want to put at risk and click Bet to confirm. Once the round starts, the button becomes orange and you need to click it when you decide to cash out;
  • Auto Bet. By using this switcher, those who play the Aviator live game can choose between manual and automatic bet placing. Gamblers can set the number of rounds to be launched automatically, as well as set the rules to stop if cash decreases, increases by a certain amount, or if a single win exceeds a sum that you input;
  • Auto Cashout. This option in Aviator allows you to set a multiplier at which the cashout will be performed automatically when a specific coefficient is reached by the airplane.
Betting panel in Aviator for Indian players

Live Chat – Get Acquainted with Hindi-speaking Players

Spribe has added a social aspect in the Aviator game real money to provide gamblers with even greater experience. You can exchange your views about your bets and strategies or even simply chat with other players in Hindi. As we can see, live chat is also used by the software provider and some online casinos to distribute free bets and bonuses.

Online chat in Aviator India

The App for Android and iOS to Gamble Aviator on the Go

The Aviator game for money is available on both Android and iOS gadgets via a special Aviator app that is provided by most top online casinos in India. Once you download and install such software, you will be able to benefit from the following advantages we have noted:

  • A possibility to play from anywhere. The application is installed on your smartphone and tablet. You can launch it at any place provided there is a stable internet connection there;
  • High speed and great optimization of the Aviator game. The app for Android and iOS devices works faster as compared to the mobile website as everything is already downloaded on your smartphone or tablet;
  • Less traffic consumption. When playing via the application, you can save your Internet traffic, while you will spend much more of it when launching the mobile website;
  • Access to the game and all the bonuses. Whatever promotions related to the casino and the Aviator crash game are offered to players, they can claim them via the mobile software;
  • Fast customer support service. By using the mobile app, players from India can ask any questions about the game itself or its features to the support service team.
Aviator mobile app for Indian players

The Way to Get an Aviator APK on Your Android Gadget

To play Aviator game online on the go, Android users can download a special application. We have tried it and can say it is well-optimized and allows users to start playing from anywhere. Find a detailed guide on how to download an APK file and install the mobile software on your smartphone or tablet:

  1. Go to the casino website of your choice by using your Android device.
  2. Find a link with the mobile application on the page and tap on it.
  3. Accept the downloading of the APK file on your device (you may need to switch the settings to enable downloading from unknown sources).
  4. Wait for the process to finalize (the average time varies depending on your internet connection speed).
  5. Install the application on your smartphone or tablet, register, deposit funds, and play Aviator.

Now that you have the mobile software on your device, you need to register a new account or log in to the existing one, top up your balance, find the casino Aviator game, launch it, place a bet, and start playing.

Download Aviator India app on Android

How to Download and Install the Program for iOS?

To play the Aviator game online India on your iOS device, you can download and install a specialized application for iPhones and iPads. Similar to Android, the application boasts great functionality and optimization. To start using it, you need to complete the following steps:

  1. Choose an online casino from the list presented on this site.
  2. Go to the official website from your mobile device.
  3. Find a link to get the app for iOS and tap on it.
  4. Wait for the IPA file to be downloaded on your smartphone or tablet (this may take a couple of minutes depending on your Internet connection).
  5. Install the application on your device, sign up, top up your balance, and run Aviator.

After all these steps are done, you should register an account or sign in to the existing one, deposit funds (according to the casino minimum deposit requirements), find Aviator, launch the game, and place your first bet.

Download Aviator India app on iOS

Tips From Our Team That May Help You Win

The Aviator bet game is based on the Provably Fair mechanism, which is an augmented randomizer, so all the results are unforeseeable. Therefore, whatever approach you use when playing the game, you can’t be 100% sure about the outcomes. However, some useful tips from our site can be helpful to you to improve your chances:

  • Start the Aviator game with small bets. Even after playing in the demo mode, it is recommended that players from India start with the smallest possible amounts of INR so that they can feel how to play with real money;
  • Define the amount of each bet beforehand. By setting how much you can lose per round, you will understand the total number of rounds you can play with a particular sum;
  • Check statistics. The data that you can find inside the Aviator betting game is useful in many ways. In particular, you can watch previous multipliers as well as other players’ performances to make your own conclusions;
  • Don’t try to catch big odds at once. While you may increase your balance by hundreds of thousands of times in your next round, do not try to chase big wins before getting more experience in this game;
  • Use the double-bet feature. By doing this, you will be able to diversify your Aviator game strategies and have better chances of winning. However, do not forget that you can lose both of your bets if you are late to cash out.
Notes in Aviator game for Indian players

Aviator Basic Strategies and Tactics to Increase Chances

There are lots of Aviator money game strategies that players from India can apply when they are trying to win the game. Some of them are based on money management rules. Find such strategies and their description in the list that follows compiled by our team:

  • Martingale. This is a classic casino tactic, which requires gamblers to double their bet amount in case of losses in order to win them back and make some winnings at the end of a series. For instance, if your bet amount is 1 INR and you lose, then you double it to 2 INR in the next round. If you lose again, you double the previous one again to make it 4 INR in total. Players should continue doubling until they win in the Aviator game. Once they manage to catch a payout, they should cover all losses;
  • Fibonacci. Similar to Martingale, those who use the Fibonacci tactic, increase their next bet amount by a particular number. However, this time, the next figure is taken from the Fibonacci sequence (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34). Once you win, you can get all your losses back;
  • D’Alembert. Those who use this approach to play the Aviator game live, increase their bet amount by one unit when they win and decrease it by one unit when they lose. The aim is to try to win at the end of the series.

Keep in mind that whatever method you use, you can’t be 100% sure about the results in the casino Aviator game. Moreover, the tactics described above are risky as there is no guarantee that your deposit will be enough to complete the series. At some moment, you may have not enough funds on the balance to continue.

Tactics in Aviator game for Indians

Promo Codes for New Indian Players from Top Online Casinos

New gamblers from India can receive additional money they can spend in the Aviator game casino. A promo code, which is a combination of letters and numbers, can be activated in many online casinos in India. Our website contains the most attractive bonuses that are offered by top Aviator game sites.

Bonus code in Aviator India

Aviator Online Benefits in India

The Aviator game in India boasts a lot of features that make it stand out from other casino gambling games. It offers a lot of benefits for players from this country. Some of the key advantages of the best Aviator game can be found below:

  • Simple game rules. The Aviator game online in India is very easy to play and understand. Even newbies can quickly master the gameplay and delve into the process within a couple of minutes;
  • Functional interface. All the features of the Aviator casino game are presented on different parts of the screen. Apart from simply placing bets, you can watch previous multipliers and your own performance as well as change in-game settings;
  • Demo mode. Players from India can play Aviator for free in order to dive into the game process without putting their money at risk;
  • Additional features. The game allows gamblers to place two bets, as well as turn on auto betting and auto cashout options;
  • Huge maximum payout. Players from India can win up to x1,000,000 of their bet amount if they are lucky enough;
  • Mobile compatibility. You can Aviator play via the mobile app for iOS and Android. It is also available in any browser.
Perks of online game Aviator India

The Way to Replenish the Balance and Gamble for Real Money

After you pick an Aviator game official website from the list of casinos here, you should top up your balance to start playing. Keep in mind that most top gambling sites in India offer safe and fast banking options, including UPI, Paytm, PhonePe, and BHIM, as well as cryptocurrencies that allow you to conduct fast transactions. Before depositing money, make sure that you know all the limitations. Also, check bonus conditions as their minimum deposits may vary from standard ones.

To top up your balance and place your first Aviator game bet, you need to do the following:

  1. Log in to your casino account or create a new one.
  2. Go to the cashier usually located in the header.
  3. Pick a banking option from the list of available methods.
  4. Indicate the sum and private details.
  5. Confirm the deposit on the payment tool page.
Deposit methods in Aviator game for Indian players

Aviator Withdrawal in India – Steps

To withdraw winnings that you made in the Aviator game in India, you should complete several simple steps. First, you should make sure that there is enough money on the balance to apply for a cashout. Second, players from India should make sure that they have no active unwagered bonuses. Last but not least, players are required to verify their accounts before they can cash out for the first time. After all the above, complete the following steps:

  1. Make an Aviator game login to the casino.
  2. Go to the page with withdrawals in your profile.
  3. Select a banking option from the list.
  4. Indicate how much you want to cash out.
  5. Provide your payment credentials.
  6. Confirm everything and wait for the transaction to be done.

Keep in mind that the withdrawal of funds won in Aviator may take time. For electronic wallets, for example, this may take up to one hour. Bank transfers will take up to 5 business days. When it comes to cryptocurrencies, transactions depend on a particular blockchain and their duration is no more than one hour in general.

Withdrawal methods in Aviator game for Indian players

Aviator Predictor Software: Positive and Negative Sides About

There are plenty of tools offered by third-party websites that are designed to make predictions on the Aviator slot game. However, they cannot be called reliable.

Predictor App for Aviator India

Pros

  • Players can find out more about various ways of predicting the results when they play Aviator

Cons

  • Lack of accuracy. Whatever prediction tool you use, there is no guarantee that you will have positive results
  • Dependence on predictions. If you rely too much on such tools, you may forget about using your own strategies
  • Data sources. Prediction tools for the Aviator game in India strongly depend on the data source that is used by the software creator
  • Players should check each particular tool as there are risks of being deceived

Telegram Bot with Signals for the Aviator Indian Game

To try to increase your chances when Aviator game online play, you can use special signals that come from Telegram bots designed by the Indian community of gamblers. With this software, you can expect valuable information that may be helpful to you. However, players from India should never forget that the outcomes of the online casino Aviator game are random and none of the prediction or signal tools provides guaranteed results.

Telegram Signal Bot for Aviator Indian Players

TOP SITES FOR AVIATOR REAL-MONEY GAMBLING FOR INDIAN PLAYERS

There are plenty of Aviator online casino sites offering services to players from India. To help gamblers find the best one, some top websites with brief descriptions are put together by our editors.

Parimatch Aviator Game

This is one of the most-known brands in the world of online gambling where you can play the Aviator game. When it comes to the casino features, we wish to mention:

  • The opportunity to play Aviator in the demo mode;
  • The website offers a lucrative welcome bonus of up to INR 105,000;
  • Players from India can gamble from anywhere via the app for Android and iOS;
  • The Parimatch site boasts a simple and friendly interface.
Parimatch website for Aviator India

Batery Aviator Game

Regulated by Curacao, the website is a great place for users from India to play Aviator online. Here are some remarkable features of Batery that leave no one indifferent:

  • 15+ categories of online casino games, including crash, slots, table, and many others;
  • A 150% welcome reward together with 200 free spins;
  • 3 tournaments with life-changing prize funds;
  • The mobile app to Aviator play online from anywhere.
Batery website for Aviator India

Megapari Aviator Game

The website is famous for a four-level VIP program with lucrative prizes, personal assistants, and various gifts. Apart from this, Megapari provides fans of Aviator betting from India with the following attractive features:

  • 110+ notable software providers with certified games, including Aviator;
  • Well-developed applications for Android and iOS;
  • 39 payment methods, including electronic wallets, vouchers, and cryptocurrencies;
  • An up to INR 136,100 welcome bonus.
Megapari website for Aviator India

Pin-Up Aviator Game

Players from India can receive special gifts when they reach an INR 5,000 total bet amount threshold. Apart from this, Pin-Up is famous for many other features. The online casino employs SSL encryption to provide Aviator gamblers with the safest experience. Some other key functions we have noted include:

  • Over 30 game categories;
  • A 9-level VIP program with Pincoins;
  • All the most popular banking options, including BHIM, Paytm, UPI, and PhonePe are available;
  • Pin-Up offers a Hindi version of the website.
Pin-Up website for Aviator India

Rajabets Aviator Game

Rajabets is another famous brand among Aviator betting sites for Indian players. Regulated by Curacao, it provides a safe gambling environment to all users. Along with a 10% daily cashback on slots that players can get there, you can expect the following features:

  • Three casino bonus programs, including an exclusive offer for all new players up to 100,000 INR;
  • 30+ jackpot games with the potential to get life-changing prizes;
  • Live chat and email for quick 24/7 responses to your questions in Hindi;
  • The website and the mobile app offer a simple interface suitable for both new and skilled players.
Rajabets website for Aviator India

1win Aviator Game

The name of 1win is known in every state of India. Apart from the opportunity to play Aviator game here, there are plenty of other benefits that include:

  • Over 12,000 games of different types are provided by notable and trustworthy studios;
  • A 500% welcome bonus and 15 other rewards and tournaments for players from India;
  • The Aviator game official website offers a mobile app for Android and iOS, as well as desktop software for Windows;
  • The gambling site offers a hotline, live chat, email, and social media contact methods to communicate with the support service 24/7 in Hindi.
1Win website for Aviator India

Mostbet Aviator Game

This is a popular gambling site where players from India can receive up to INR 34,000 as a welcome prize. Mostbet offers several ways to register an account, including One-Click, which is the fastest and the simplest one. Along with these benefits, Aviator game online fans will find the following advantages:

  • Over 220 certified software providers offering thousands of slots, card games, roulette, etc.;
  • The slots category offers 35 genres, including the most popular Book of…, Fantasy, Gods, Adventures, and more;
  • Players from India can run the Aviator casino game from anywhere with the mobile app for Android and iOS, which boasts great optimization.
Mostbet website for Aviator India

1xbet Aviator Game

The famous online casino with Aviator pays a lot of attention to players from India offering the most popular banking options such as Paytm, UPI, PhonePe, and a lot of cryptocurrencies. Moreover, players from this country can select a Hindi version of the 1xBet website. We have also found these benefits:

  • An up to INR 130,000 welcome bonus;
  • A well-developed mobile application for Android and iOS, as well as an optimized version of the website for handheld devices;
  • 12 game categories providing access to the most popular slots, table games, Aviator, JetX, and live casino rooms;
  • Players from India can try Aviator for free in a fully functional demo mode.
1Xbet website for Aviator India

BC.Game Aviator Game

A trustworthy Bitcoin online casino provides access to the Aviator game online in India and over 9,400 slots, 38 table games, and 600+ live casino virtual rooms. Along with these benefits, you can find the following features:

  • Great bonuses for four first initial deposits of up to 1,080%;
  • Daily contests with massive prize funds that increase over time;
  • 200+ popular and exotic cryptocurrencies available for depositing and withdrawing funds;
  • BC.Game is regulated by the government of Curacao, which means that playing Aviator is safe and legal here.
BC.Game website for Aviator India

4rabet Aviator Game

Last but not least comes 4rabet, a reputable online casino that offers the Aviator game in India and over 7,000 slots, blackjack, baccarat, Andar Bahar, Teen Patti, and roulette variations. Together with this great variety of choices, gamblers from this country will enjoy the following benefits mentioned by our team:

  • A special crash welcome bonus of 700% on the initial deposit;
  • A translation of the website into five Hindi dialects;
  • 24/7 support in Hindi via live chat, email, and social media;
  • A friendly user interface and great navigation allow you to quickly launch the Aviator game.
4Rabet website for Aviator India

Our Opinion about Aviator in 2024

The Aviator game by Spribe is a great choice for those players from India who want to take part in action-packed gambling and be able to decide on their own when to cash out. With a double bet feature, you will have even more opportunities and interesting moments during the gambling process. The life-changing maximum payout in the Aviator game, which is x1,000,000 that the luckiest players can win, is at the top of it all.

Impression of Aviator game for Indian players
About Editor-in-Chief at Aviator India website

Amir Chauhan

My name is Amir Chauhan, I am a 26-year-old content author and editor-in-chief for the aviators.game site.

FAQ

Is There a 100% Winning Strategy in the Aviator Game?

No, there is no such strategy. The game is based on the Provably Fair function, which provides totally random results for each next round. Therefore, there is no way to predict the odds.

Which Is Better, Classic RNG, or Provably Fair of Aviator?

Both mechanisms are time-tested. However, Provably Fair is considered an augmented RNG with the possibility for each gambler to check the integrity on their own.

Is It Legal for Users from India to Play the Aviator Game?

The answer to this question is Yes when it comes to cases when the Aviator game is provided in online casinos that are authorized to provide services to Indian gamblers.

How to Choose the Best Online Casino to Play the Aviator Game?

It should provide the best conditions for players from India who want to launch Aviator. You need to pay attention to bonuses, interface, license, availability of the mobile app, and other key parameters.